Management Practices And Functions Of Management - 2103 Words

Management Practices Management has played a crucial role in how organizations have operated for over a century. It has been the foundation of organizations in the structuring of their companies and has determined their level of success. Without management, organizations would struggle with defining a purpose for themselves. They would lack in goals to achieve and overall improvement. Since the implementation of management, theories of management have come and gone. New ideas have emerged and thoughts have shifted as the world continues to grow and change. However, the concept of management and its key elements have remained the same. These elements consist of what is known as the five functions of management and include planning,†¦show more content†¦The Air Force starts with a vision based on needs of the government and its country and from there plans accordingly to meet these needs. At the squadron level, planning starts with a mission statement. Our mission statement as a Remotely Piloted A ircraft (RPA) Squadron is to conduct worldwide operations as tasked by senior U.S government officials using special tactics and capabilities for persistent, real-time reconnaissance, target tracking and destruction. Furthermore, our strategic vision statement for our organization’s future is to continuously operate RPA’s around the globe to collect intelligence and destroy enemy targets in support of national strategy. Beyond our squadron’s mission and vision statement, we must break down planning into strategic, tactical, and operational planning. This allows us guidelines to follow in order to pursue our vision. The implementation of squadron standards addresses both operational and tactical guidelines and creates a baseline for us to follow in our everyday work. The standards are published squadron wide and it is expected of us to not only know them but also incorporate them in our missions. Having these standards allow for expedient execution of mission tas ks and strikes and any deviation from a standard must be briefed as â€Å"non-standard†. Contingency plans are also

A Brief Note On The Civil Service System - 858 Words

Civil service systems are designed to hire and promote members of the bureaucracy on the basis of merit. The merit principle is the idea that hiring should be based on entrance exams and promotion ratings to reward qualified individuals to produce an administration of skilled and talented people. All civil servant applicants must pass an exam that measures skills related to the particular civil service position they hope to fill. Some civil service exams are general and apply to a wide range of jobs, whereas others are focused on a particular type of job. I do not see how a â€Å"merit exam† can truly show how successful a potential civil servant would be performing in a particular position. An exam may be able to measure the extent of their paper knowledge on the position, but does not reflect how well a civil servant would be able to apply their knowledge to their job. Standardized tests are often frowned upon in public schools, with some politicians and scholars arguing tha t standardized tests measure how well a student can take the test, and does not measure how much he or she has learned. The same applies to these merit exams. I do not believe that a potential bureaucrat should earn their government position through entrance exams. The exam does not measure how successful a bureaucrat would be at performing their job, but rather measures their test-taking abilities. I believe that a potential bureaucrat should have to partake in a two-year-long paid internship in theirShow MoreRelatedCitizens Advice Bureau Essay793 Words   |  4 PagesCitizens Advice Bureau The main stages a consumer with problems, or who is making a complaint needs to go through are: - 1. To make a complaint as soon as possible to the supplier of goods and services. If you have a problem about something, always let the supplier deal with the matter. 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Immersive in Multimedia Free Essays

IMMERSIVE MULTIMEDIA Introduction to Immersive Multimedia The history of Immersive Multimedia began with the concept of Virtual Reality. In the late 1960s, the desire of computer scientists and artists was to create, digitally-made ‘near-to-reality’ experiences through Interactive Multimedia. This became known as Virtual Reality. We will write a custom essay sample on Immersive in Multimedia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Virtual Reality, today, is a computer-created environment that a user can experience through the senses of sight, hearing and touch. Immersive Multimedia is a combination of multimedia elements and interactivity in Virtual Reality. Immersive refer to omputer generated simulation of reality with physical, spatial and visual dimension. This interactive technology is used by architechs, science and engineering research and the arts, entertainment, and video games industry. Virtual Reality system can simulate everythings from walk through of a building prior to construction to simulations of aircraft flight and three dimension computer games. Immersive technologies and virtual reality are powerful and compelling computer application by which humans can interact and interface with computer generated environment in a way that imics real life sense engagement. As 3D and immersive technology becomes more integrated and available for a wide range of application. It require well designed user interfaces and innovative content for the next generation of computer games and integrated technology like mobile devices distributed web systems and desktop application. Example Of Immersive Multimedia Education Business Entertainment IMMERSIVE MUTIMEDIA IN ENTERTAINMENT Example Of Immersive Multimedia in Entertainment Virtual Football Virtual Gliders Aircraft Virtual Games Counter Strike Virtual Games Formula 1 Virtual Games Adventure Kayak Games Virtual Truck Games VR has a lot of positive benefits. It gives disabled people the opportunity to join in activities not usually available to them. In virtual worlds, people in wheelchairs, for example, can have a freedom of movement that they do not have in the real world. At the moment very few people can afford to buy a VR system. But as the technology advances, lightweight helmets and more powerful computers will take VR into ordinary homes. Virtual reality has very important uses in all types of architecture and industrial design. Computer Aided Design, or CAD, has been an important design tool since the mid 1970s, because it allows the user to draw three- dimensional images on a computer screen. However, unless you have a VR helmet and glove to project the images on to, you will not be immersed in your virtual world. 3D Viewing 3D viewing enable users to view the screen in 3D form and real. This Make the media more Attractive to users. For example a users will felt the movie like happen on this surrounding if he view on a 3D screen. Virtual reality developed out of the technical community, rom a vision of what was technically possible and from the requirements of certain technically demanding applications. Of course, some of the creators had visions of applications far beyond the needs of their funding sources, but generally the community has explored virtual reality as a human-computer interface technology. REFERENCE ?http://library. thinkquest. org/26890/virtualrealityt. htm ?http://liquidnarrative. csc. nc su. edu/classes/csc582/papers/vrae. pdf ?http://images. google. com. my/images? hl=ensource=hpq=virtual+realitybtnG=Search+Imagesgbv =2aq=2oq=VIRTUAL How to cite Immersive in Multimedia, Papers

Robert Jensens Patriotism Essay Example For Students

Robert Jensens Patriotism Essay Many people believe that they are patriotic people. But, what truly makes one patriotic? In Saying Goodbye to Patriotism Robert Jensen critiques the effects of patriotism on todays modern society, the United States, and globalization after the attacks on 9/11. Jensen defines patriotism in his talk delivered to the Peace Action National Congress as love and loyal or zealous support of ones own country. (Jensen 741) But, that is not the only definition of patriotism. One may love living in the United States so does that make them patriotic? Patriotism is probably one of the hardest words to define in todays society. Jensen presents two alternative definitions of patriotism in his speech. The first one suggests that patriotism is to defend our country because it was attacked, and that must mean that there is a need to defend the United States and the citizens of the United States must support. Perhaps, this definition is the one that George W. Bush had been taught. In his speech he states, we are a country awakened to danger and called to defend freedom. Our grief has turned to anger and anger into resolution. Whether we bring our enemies to justice, or justice to our enemies, justice will be done. Just nine days after the attacks on 9/11 and already a plan to fight back was being constructed. In Fahrenheit 9/11, Lila Lipscomb supported this definition of patriotism, but that was before her son was killed in action. Patriotism was probably the last thing on her mind as she grieved the death of her son. Perhaps she has a different outlook on patriotism after her experience. Perhaps a lot of people who lost a loved one during a war that they are not sure what they are fighting for. The other definition as given by Jensen speaks of the following: exercising our judgment, evaluating policies, engaging in discussion, and organizing to try to help see that the best policies are enacted. But how many people can actually say that they practice those activities on a daily basis? Politicians probably will tell you that they do, but not even members of congress read the bills that they vote on as seen in Fahrenheit 9/11. To quote John Conyers, Sit down, my son. We dont read most of the bills. These are the exact words from the congressman on how they were going to pass the Patriot Act without reading it. If our leaders dont have the right idea of patriotism then how are the citizens in which are run under them supposed to get the right message about patriotism? If the leaders of the country just keep creating policies and the majority of the citizens just accept them as they are, then this country really isnt that big of a democracy as one may think it is. In Jensens talk, he also gives a quote of Emma Goldmans that states, Patriotism assumes that our globe is divided into little spots, each one surrounded by an iron gate. Those who had the fortune of being born on some particular spot, consider themselves better, nobler, grander, and more intelligent than the living beings inhabiting any other spot. It is, therefore, the duty of everyone living on that chosen spot to fight, kill, and die in the attempt to impose his superiority upon all others. This sounds a lot more like what patriotism is today. War is something that has always existed and even in this modern day in age, it is still considered the best way to resolve conflict. Jensen feels war in Afghanistan is barbaric because of the fact that people seem to think that their lives are more valuable than Afghanistan citizens and if innocent Afghans have to die then so be it to achieve the goals of the United States. .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2 , .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2 .postImageUrl , .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2 , .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2:hover , .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2:visited , .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2:active { border:0!important; } .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2:active , .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2 .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc48083bf69671124a9fffc97bae3cfd2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: History And Philosophy Of Vegetarianism Essay But, are the goals of the United States truly patriotic? What are the real goals of the United States as it embarks on a new war on Iraq? From an Afghani Americans standpoint Tamim Ansary compares modern day Afghanistan to Nazi Germany and he does a pretty good comparison when he states; When you think Taliban, think Nazis. When you think bin Laden, think .

King Lear Essays (1251 words) - Literature, King Lear, British Films

King Lear King Lear, by William Shakespeare, is a tragic tale of filial conflict, personal transformation, and loss. The story revolves around the King who foolishly alienates his only truly devoted daughter and realizes too late the true nature of his other two daughters. A major subplot involves the illegitimate son of Gloucester, Edmund, who plans to discredit his brother Edgar and betray his father. With these and other major characters in the play, Shakespeare clearly asserts that human nature is either entirely good, or entirely evil. Some characters experience a transformative phase, where by some trial or ordeal their nature is profoundly changed. We shall examine Shakespeare's stand on human nature in King Lear by looking at specific characters in the play: Cordelia who is wholly good, Edmund who is wholly evil, and Lear whose nature is transformed by the realization of his folly and his descent into madness. The play begins with Lear, an old king ready for retirement, preparing to divide the kingdom among his three daughters. Lear has his daughters compete for their inheritance by judging who can proclaim their love for him in the grandest possible fashion. Cordelia finds that she is unable to show her love with mere words: Cordelia. [Aside] What shall Cordelia speak? Love, and be silent. Act I, scene i, lines 63-64. Cordelia's nature is such that she is unable to engage in even so forgivable a deception as to satisfy an old king's vanity and pride, as we see again in the following quotation: Cordelia. [Aside] Then poor cordelia! And not so, since I am sure my love's More ponderous than my tongue. Act I, Scene i, lines 78-80. Cordelia clearly loves her father, and yet realizes that her honesty will not please him. Her nature is too good to allow even the slightest deviation from her morals. An impressive speech similar to her sisters' would have prevented much tragedy, but Shakespeare has crafted Cordelia such that she could never consider such an act. Later in the play Cordelia, now banished for her honesty, still loves her father and displays great compassion and grief for him as we see in the following: Cordelia. O my dear father, restoration hang Thy medicine on my lips, and let this kiss Repair those violent harms that my two sisters Have in reverence made. Act IV, Scene vii, lines 26-29. Cordelia could be expected to display bitterness or even satisfaction at her father's plight, which was his own doing. However, she still loves him, and does not fault him for the injustice he did her. Clearly, Shakespeare has crafted Cordelia as a character whose nature is entirely good, unblemished by any trace of evil throughout the entire play. As an example of one of the wholly evil characters in the play, we shall turn to the subplot of Edmund's betrayal of his father and brother. Edmund has devised a scheme to discredit his brother Edgar in the eyes of their father Gloucester. Edmund is fully aware of his evil nature, and revels in it as seen in the following quotation: Edmund. This is the excellent foppery of the world, that when we are sick in fortune, often the surfeits of our own behaviour, we make guilty of our disasters the sun, the moon, and stars; as if we were villains on necessity; fools by heavenly compulsion; knaves, thieves, and treachers by spherical predominance; drunkards, liars, and adulterers by an enforced obedience of planetary influence; and all that we are evil in, by a divine thrusting on. ... I should have been that I am, had the maidenliest star in the firmament twinkled on my bastardizing. Act I, scene ii, lines 127-137, 143-145. Clearly, Edmund recognizes his own evil nature and decides to use it to his advantage. He mocks the notion of any kind of supernatural or divine influence over one's destiny. Edgar must go into hiding because of Edmund's deception, and later Edmund betrays Gloucester himself, naming him a traitor which results in Gloucester's eyes being put out. Edmund feels not the slightest remorse for any of his actions. Later on, after the invading French army has been repelled, Lear and Cordelia have been taken captive and Edmund gives these chilling words to his captain: Edmund. Come hither captain; hark. Take thou this note: go follow them to prison; One step

Impact of Science in the 1920s

Impact of Science in the 1920s Free Online Research Papers There were four critical contributions made by science during the 1920s: * Insulin is discovered by Sir Frederick Grant Banting during the winter of 1921-1922 * Penicillin is discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming (1928) * Prediction and discovery of the expanding universe * Niels Bohr wins Nobel for work on atomic theory. (1922) Insulin was discovered in 1921, and it became the most thoroughly studied molecule in scientific history. In the early 1920s, researchers suspected that diabetes was caused by a malfunction in the digestive system related to the pancreas gland, a small organ that sits on top of the liver. At that time, the only way to control diabetes was through a diet low in carbohydrate and sugar, and high in fat and protein. Instead of dying shortly after diagnosis, this diet allowed diabetics to live but only for about a year. The exact cause of diabetes was unknown, but researchers suspected something was missing in the sugar metabolism pathway of people with diabetes. The cause was determined when Canadian researchers purified insulin in 1921 and proved that diabetes is a disease of insulin deficiency. Meanwhile, an American scientist E. L. Scott was partially successful in extracting insulin with alcohol. R. C. Paulesco, a Romanian, made an extract from the pancreas that lowered the blood glucose of dogs. Some claim Paulesco was the first to discover insulin. The biggest breakthrough came in 1921 when Frederick Banting and Charles Best conducted a series of experiments one summer in the laboratory of J.J. R. Macleod at the University of Toronto. Like Minkowski and von Mering, they showed that removing the pancreas from dogs made them diabetic. In January, 1922, a diabetic teenager in a Toronto hospital named Leonard Thompson became the first person to receive an injection of insulin. He improved dramatically, and the news about insulin spread around the world like wildfire. For their work, Banting and Macleod received the Nobel Prize in Medicine the very next year, in 1923. Banting shared his part of the prize money with Best, and Macleod shared his with Collip. The University of Toronto immediately gave pharmaceutical companies license to produce insulin free of royalties. In early 1923, about one year after the first test injection, insulin became widely available, and saved countless lives. Thus Insulin became the miracle cure for diabetes in the era of great depression during the 1920s. Another important discovery in the 1920s was the discovery of penicillin. The discovery of penicillin is usually attributed to Scottish scientist Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928, though others had earlier noted the antibacterial effects of Penicillium. Fleming, at his laboratory in St. Marys Hospital in London, noticed a halo of inhibition of bacterial growth around a contaminant blue-green mold on a Staphylococcus plate culture. Fleming concluded that the mold was releasing a substance that was inhibiting bacterial growth and lysing the bacteria. He grew a pure culture of the mold and discovered that it was a Penicillium mold. Fleming coined the term penicillin to describe the filtrate of a broth culture of the Penicillium mold. Even in these early stages, penicillin was found to be most effective against Gram-positive bacteria, and ineffective against Gram-negative organisms and fungi. He expressed initial optimism that penicillin would be a useful disinfectant, being highly potent w ith minimal toxicity compared to antiseptics of the day. After further experiments, Fleming was convinced that penicillin could not last long enough in the human body to kill pathogenic bacteria and stopped studying penicillin after 1931, but restarted some clinical trials in 1934 and continued to try to get someone to purify it until 1940. The discovery of Penicillin set the stage for a major cure for infections from war wounds. During World War II, penicillin made a major difference in the number of deaths and amputations caused by infected wounds amongst Allied forces; saving an estimated 12-15% of lives. Availability was severely limited, however, by the difficulty of manufacturing large quantities of penicillin and by the rapid renal clearance of the drug necessitating frequent dosing. Penicillins are actively secreted and about 80% of a penicillin dose is cleared within three to four hours of administration. During those times it became common procedure to collect the urine from patients being treated so that the penicillin could be isolated and reused. Major discoveries in the 1920s included the structure of the light. In 1921 Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his 1905 publication on the photoelectric effect: On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light. This paper alone was recognized by the Nobel committee because it was supported by the experimental evidence of the day, but the committee expressed the opinion that in due course all of Einsteins work would be confirmed. Niels (Henrik David) Bohr (October 7, 1885 – November 18, 1962) was a Danish physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1922. He was also part of the team of physicists working on the Manhattan Project. Niels Bohr is widely considered one of the greatest physicists of the twentieth century. In 1922, Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them. Bohrs institute served as a focal point for theoretical physicists in the 1920s and 30s, and most of the worlds best known theoretical physicists of that period spent some time there. Probably the most important theory of the time was the Big Bang theory. It was important because it represented a new view on creation of universe, apart from religious understandings. Fundamentalists didn’t want to accept this theory because it was completely different than religious theory they believed in. According to the Big Bang theory explaining the birth of an expanding universe, the Universe originated in an extremely dense ball of pure matter. Since then, space itself has expanded with the passage of time, carrying the galaxies with it. Fundamentalists also opposed Darwin’s theory of evolution. Some states even banned teaching of that theory because it was unbiblical. They banned â€Å"any theory that denies the story of the Divine creation of the man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals† (source 2, pg 38). One biology teacher, John F. Scopes dared to oppose the law and he had a trial that bec ame a national sensation. Science discoveries of the 1920s weren’t always accepted by the large masses, but Nobel prices gave the sense of the importance to the new discoveries. Fundamentalist strongly opposed science and the fight between those two was constant. The difference between scientific and religious beliefs in the 1920s was huge and it affected the whole society, even the school system. Many private schools were open so that children can learn what they parents believe is true. Discoveries in the 1920s made path to the future wider and changed the society in something close to present state. Sources cited: 1. Lightman, Alan. The Discoveries. 1st ed. New York: Pantheon Books, 2005. 3-533. 2. Pietrusza, David. The Roaring Twenties. San Diego: Lucent Books, 1998. 6-96. 3. Wukovits, John F., ed. The 1920s. San Diego: Greenhaven P, 2000. 7-255. Research Papers on Impact of Science in the 1920sGenetic EngineeringPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseResearch Process Part OneCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

The Killer Clown Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Killer Clown - Case Study Example However, on December 12, 1978, a teenage boy, Robert Piest was reported as missing by his mother with the information that he was offered a job by Gacy's contracting company (Lohr, 2001). The following day, the police searched his house and recognized the odor of a decaying body, but found none. They did, however recover relevant pieces of evidence. On December 22, 1978, he voluntarily confessed to the police that he raped then killed a minimum 30 people whose remains he buried under the crawl space of his house (Bell & Bardsley, n.d.). So the digging began. The police then uncovered the bodies of 29 people underneath the crawl space of his house (Montaldo, n.d.). All of his victims were male, whose ages range from nine to the early twenties (Montaldo, n.d.). He was then dubbed as the "Killer Clown" because of his perfected act as "Pogo the Clown" when entertaining kids (Montaldo, n.d.). His trial began on February 6, 1980, and was declared guilty of the murder of 33 people and was sentenced to die on March 13 of the same year. Finally, a little after midnight on May 10, 1994, John Wayne Gacy, Jr, the Killer Clown, was executed by lethal injection with the three last words "kiss my ass." (Lohr, 2001; Taylor, 2003) Analysis Psychological Characteristics John Wayne Gacy seemed to have led a normal life. He was successful with his professional life and popular among his friends and neighbors. However, beneath this faade of normalcy, lies a man who has raped, tortured, and killed 33 young men. Gacy aimed to please. Gacy was also a very determined and industrious individual who strived for success. He devotes himself to community organizations and is an exemplary member, if not a leader of these organizations (Bell & Bardsley, n.d.). He performs as a clown for entertaining children in hospitals and during parties, and hosts extravagant parties himself. To his friends and neighbors, John Wayne Gacy was a model citizen. Patterns Inferred About the Individual Gacy was a hardworking man. Hence, it is no surprise if he worked hard at keeping his marriage as well. However, it seems that after a few years of marriage, Gacy gets tired of keeping pretenses from his wife, and eventually his sexual preference is discovered by the wife. After these divorces, Gacy would recover and then strive harder in his professional and community life. Recovering from rumors was also a relevant pattern in Gacy's life. When there are rumors going on about his sexual preference and sexual deviances, Gacy would use his charm and wit to subdue the nasty rumors. Document Findings Behavioral Variables Gacy's father was a very strong figure in his behavioral outcome. Because of the prescribed drugs for his epilepsy, Gacy's mood swings were progressing, and he was becoming more and more dependent of the mood-altering highs that the drugs were giving him. Accordingly, his father became increasingly contemptuous toward his son, and called him names such as "he-she" (Giannangelo, 1996). Consequently, during his killings, he referred to his victims as "worthless little punks," and called his victims names like his father did

Analysis of the business environment of vodaphone - introduction + Assignment

Analysis of the business environment of vodaphone - introduction + porters five forces analysis - Assignment Example In 1982 under the CEO Whent, Racal Electronics formed a new subsidiary Racal Strategic Radio Ltd. And in same year Racal's newly formed subsidiary Racal Strategic Radio Ltd under CEO Whent, it won one of the two UK cellular licenses. And the other license was won by British Telecom. The network which was 80 percent owned by Racal Electronics and 15 percent by Millicom and 5 percent Hambros Technology Trust by was named as Racal Vodafone. On January 1st 1985, Vodafone was launched. And so Racal Strategic Radio was renamed to Racal Telecommunications Group Ltd in the same year. COMPETITORS: Vodafone has various different competitors in the telecommunication market. But there are very few companies which are considered as rivals to Vodafone, as Vodafone itself is one of the most leading companies in market. If we study the main competitors of Vodafone in headquarter country UK then the main competing companies with Vodafone are T-Mobiles, Orange, O2 and virgin Mobiles. (Wikinvest , 2011 ) SERVICES AND PRODUCTS PROVIDED: Vodafone offers wide range of products and services within the vast range of telecommunication circle. These services include voice calls, messaging and cellphones etc.

Would you expect cancer to arise more often in types of cells that Essay

Would you expect cancer to arise more often in types of cells that divide frequently (such as skin cells) or in types of cells that divide rarely or not at all (such as nerve cells) Explain your reasoning - Essay Example Therefore, cancer is result of errors in reproduction or failure to separate genetic materials properly at the time of mitosis. Skin cancer is closely linked with cell mitosis because it is the process through which cells replicate, and without it, cancerous cells would not be able to form. Cancer begins with single regular cell shifting into a cancerous cell; this may be because of a transmutation within the cells genetic material that influences its development. Once a cell has altered in this manner, it is likely to reproduce at a much quicker pace than normal, â€Å"and the bad cancerous cells proliferate and pile up. They go through uncontrolled abnormal mitosis. These renegade cells escape the normal controls of mitotic cell division† (Picorino, 2012). Cancer cells as well have an abnormal form as well as behavior. This sort of cell is more likely to separate it from surrounding ones and shift to other parts of the

Middle East before the advent of Islam

Middle East before the advent of Islam Introduction Explain the characteristics of the Middle East before the advent of Islam. Introduce Islam and the general impact it had on the Middle East. Introduce the three examples you have chosen as evidence of the changes Islam brought about. Thesis-state the impact of Islam on the people and culture of the Middle East as shown in the examples you have chosen and the contrast you will be making Transition-prepare the reader for the first topic of the essay. I. Before, Islam the pre-Islamic Arabs religions were Bedouin polytheism, Judiasm, and Christianity. Mecca was the center of Bedouin polytheism with its Ka ba, which was used as a temple for their religion. By 7th century Islam had emerged. One might wonder, how did Islam become a predominant religion to the people of the Middle East? Along, came Muhammad in 612!He put a shut down to the pagan society and introduced â€Å"monotheism†. He changed society because, at the time, most of the Arabs were pagans who worshipped local Gods, believe in spirits, and called on soothsayers for prophesies. He taught them that they should only be worshiping One God, and he is the creator of the universe. Muhammad also demonstrated social conduct and taught the Arabs morals. He taught the Arabs to live the way God intended them to live, and created a community based on equality, justice and compassion. First, Islam has impact the people and culture by introducing moral codes so they can improv e as a society. Secondly, had there been no Islam, women in the Middle Eastern society would have continued being deprived of their rights. Society treated women as if they were sex objects instead of equal human beings. Lastly, today, one can look at the Middle East and see the exceptional visual arts, ceramics and architecture. From the breath taking mosques to the calligraphy, one can see the major influence Islam has had on the Middle East art and architecture. Overall Islam has helped transition the Middle East morally, socially, and culturally. If Islam was not brought to the Middle East society would not have moral codes today, tribes would still exist, and bloody wars between tribes. Body 1 The focus of the content of this paragraph should be a summary of the First example or area you are discussing as evidence of Islams impact upon the Middle East. In this paragraph you should fully explain the example. For example, if you chose womens rights as one of your examples, you will clarify what Islam states regarding womens rights and how it enforces womens rights. This paragraph must show your command of the example you have chosen. Example-use a specific quotation or scholarly evidence that provides evidence of the Islamic teaching. The Middle East would be a disaster without Islam. One of the most important things Islam has done for the Middle East is set up moral codes for their society. These moral codes came from the Quran and were used to help shape their society. It served as a direct guidance from Allah himself, and explained what was acceptable, expected, right and wrong. Some key moral codes Islam has set up are societys laws must be obeyed, fornication and lewd behavior are forbidden, and intoxication is forbidden. The whole purpose of these codes is it is for a man or womens duty to live his or her life according to Allahs dictations. Islam enforces these moral codes by informing society if they are not following these rules, they are not living in accordance to what Allah wants, and will have to pay the consequence for their actions. â€Å"For every bad action there is a consequence† is a a wonderful quote to use in reference to the Islamic teachings, because Allah is watching your every actio n and you will be held accountable in the afterlife. Body 2 -This paragraph will address the First example that you summarized in the previous paragraph and explain how this example is a direct result of Islams impact. Clarify the context before the advent of Islam in order to make your point that the changes you are discussing are a direct result of Islam. Analysis-Explain how the work you described in the previous paragraph is a direct result of Islam. Relationship—Explain how the example you have chosen is evident in the Middle East after the spread of Islam and has significantly changed the Middle East. Life without Islam left the Arabs morally deprived. Life was pointless, it had no meaning or purpose. There was no guidance to help them establish morals for themselves. Instead, the pagans depended on soothsayers and spirits for answers and decisions. During the Pre-Islamic Era the Bedouins of the 7th century lacked a unifying religious system. They had no unification, religion, or much in the way of moral code, since they were mostly concerned with daily pleasure. There was also no government, therefore there was no sense of law or moral code. The only law of the land was lawlessness. This resulted in people would take the law into their own hands, they became compulsive drinkers, and fornication and leading were acceptable. In the event a crime was committed, the injured party took law in its own hands, and tried to administer â€Å"justice† to the offender. Islam put a stop to all of these immoral behaviors. Islam brought laws provided within the Quran to ensure societys l aws are obeyed, and to forbid intoxication, fornication and lewding behavior. The spread of Islam and has significantly changed the Middle East, because ever since Islam the Middle East has become a society that now has moral standards the people follow. They know the difference between right and wrong, and what they can do and cannot do, because these are direct instructions from Allah himself. Body 3 The focus of the content of this paragraph should be a summary of the Second example or area you are discussing as evidence of Islams impact upon the Middle East. Before Islam was born in the Middle East, women did not hold any value in society. They were not respected and were treated more like objects. Islam has improved the standard of living for women and increased their rights. Islam states that the status of Muslim women is the same as the men. According to Allah in the Quran both have are equal and have equal responsibilities to uphold the lifestyle he wants them to live. Even the Islamic prophet emphasized the importance of treating women equally. He always treated women with the up most respect and was very kind to them. â€Å"Treat your women well and be kind for them for they are your partners and committed helpers†-Prophet Muhammad- Body 4—This paragraph will address the Second example which you summarized in the previous paragraph Same format as body 2-with example 2 Prior to adopting Islam, women had no status in society. They were treated like territory, and the male class dominated everything. They were not allowed to pick their spouse. A male would choose their wife, and she no choice but to accept. If a women were divorced, she would have to remain divorce, remarrying was not allowed. Todays day, a typical window in most circumstances should be able to inherit their deceased husbands belongs. However, men in the pagan Arab society would highly disagree. A window was not entitled to inherit her husband belongings, instead it was to be passed down to the son in the family. Furthermore, she was not allowed to inherit any belongs from her parents. There were no set limits on how many wives a many can marry. He was free to have as many as he wished. According to www.womeninislam.ws says, there were no laws that said a man beating his wife was unacceptable. Although historically women are often seen as a lower class, the Islamic Quran explained that women are equal to men, giving women the opportunity to seek their rights. After Islam was adopted in the Middle East, it changed womens rights and living standards significantly, instead of treating women like property according to Allah, men were required to take full care of their women.â€Å"4:34 MEN SHALL take full care of women with the bounties which God has bestowed more abundantly on the former than on the latter, and with what they may spend out of their possessions.† A women can choose her spouse, and divorce her spouse if she desires. Verse 2:228 says, Women undergo a three month a three month waiting period, without remarrying. When the period is over the husband can either take them back or let their wives go. The men cannot force the women to stay, if the women does not want to according to verse 4:19 It is not lawful for you to [try to] become heirs to your wives [by h olding onto them] against their will. Both men and women have equal rights here, because they both have the choice of leaving if they desire. She can also inherit belongs from her parents and deceased husband. A man is not allowed to have several wives and beating her is unacceptable. None of this could happen without the miracle of Islam.

Aversive Conditioning Essay -- essays research papers

Aversive conditioning is a manufactured negative response to certain things, much like the operant conditioning developed by Skinner. The contingent behavior is behavior that, when performed, results in the delivery of specific consequences or reinforcers. This article described the measures taken to make coyotes stop wanting to kill lambs for food. The authors’ contention is that it may be possible to reconcile the desires of both ranchers and conservationists. The latter group wishes to enable the coyote and, perhaps other predators, to survive in the open range, as they have for millions of years. Species that kill farm animals include others: mountain lions, bears, bobcats, and red wolves as well as coyotes. This paper on aversive conditioning mainly addresses whether behavior of coyotes can be altered without affecting their survival in the wild. The question Mssrs. Gustavson and Garcia attempt to address is whether coyotes can be conditioned to kill animals such as mice, rabbits, gophers, and squirrels- species of no economic value in the western United States- while leaving sheep alone. Clearly, sheep have tremendous economic value in terms of meat and wool production, and ranchers as well as the general meat-consuming public have a vested interest in the survival and success of the ranching industry. Just as clearly, environmentalist and conservationists have an interest in seeing that certain species are enabled to survive in their native habitat, and not simply confined in zoos under whatever terms humans dictate. To see if they could make coyotes stop killing lambs, the authors first took a sample population of coyotes from different regions of Montana where coyotes were notorious for killing shepherds’ flocks. They captured seven coyotes, five from the wild and two from captivity. Presumably all of them loved to eat lamb meat. They fed them tainted lamb, wrapped in fresh lamb hide. The meat itself was not toxic to the long-term health of the coyotes that devoured it. Instead, it was laced with lithium chloride, which causes vomiting. One assumption made was that the lithium did not actually affect the taste of the meat. Therefore, the coyotes actually did consume the meat, and uniformly became sick after eating the lamb. As a result of associating the meat with vomiting the coyotes didn’t want to eat lamb anymore. On the contrary, they ran awa... ... eat them again. One such coyote killed and ate a rabbit within one week, albeit cautiously. Therefore, although it may be deemed a success to be able to state that a certain coyote is well on his/her way to hating lamb, it may be that these coyotes need repeated aversion therapy towards sheep, or towards other livestock which other ranchers might raise. Finally, even if aversion therapy turns out to be effective, or whether it must be repeated to be effective, there is reason to think that this behavior will not be self-perpetuating. There is no evidence produced that a coyote will avoid sheep simply because its mother does. Aversion to lamb meat is obviously a learned habit, not a genetic one. If all coyotes need to be captured, and perhaps tagged and periodically recaptured, in order persistently avoid or hate lamb meat, the conservationists are defeating their own purpose. For their plan to work, all coyotes will have to be captured and "domesticated" in some way. It would appear that, if this turns out to be the case, truly wild coyotes will have become a thing of the past, and they will not be allowed to roam free in their feral state in any real sense after all.

Proof of Man’s Inhumanity Essay

Past studies about the Holocaust reveal the motivation behind Adolf Hitler’s annihilation of the Jews and other races. He believed that â€Å"they were responsible for Marxism, democracy, the outbreak of World War I, and Germany’s collapse in 1918, as well as being the invisible hand behind the Weimar republic† (Fischel 4). He was fed up with the Jews’ continuous settlement in the German land. He resented the fact that they were being too involved with the country’s politics and businesses. Reasons like these seemed too shallow for Hitler to arrive to a â€Å"final solution† of exterminating the Jews and other localities which he believed did not belong to the upper or Aryan class of society. The method that the Nazi used to wipe out an entire race and religion was the concentration camps. In camps such as Auschwitz, Dachau, Treblinka, Sobibor, and Belzec, millions of people, most of whom were Jews, died in violent ways. The most common way of exterminating them was through the use of gas chambers in camps. In the anthology of the Holocaust, Piper reveals that, â€Å"The efficacy of such conventional methods of killing is best illustrated by the fate of 10,000 Soviet prisoners of war who were transported to the camp in October 1941† (Piper 372). It was one of the first exterminations performed during the Holocaust wherein Piper added that, â€Å"After five months of starvation, hard labor, beatings, and outright killings, only 945 were still alive on March 1, 1942† (Piper 372). The prisoners were evidently treated like animals with no rights, dignity, and privacy. Everything was taken from each individual such as clothes, jewelries and other material belongings. The Holocaust is a clear proof that this world has once gone too far in following the principle of â€Å"the survival of the fittest. † A person like Hitler had put matters in his own hands, which was a selfish thing to do. Nobody has the right to manipulate God’s creation because it annoys you or threatens your power. Concentration camps are the visible evidences that would always remind people of what selfishness, power, and racism can do to an entire race. The remains of these camps would always remind people of the reality that this world is a mortal place and that evil will always be present—unless we learn how to accept the shortcomings and difference of every person that we encounter. Works Cited Fischel, Jack. The Holocaust. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998. Piper, Franciszek. â€Å"Auschwitz Concentration Camp: How was it Used in the Nazi System of Terror and Genocide and the Economy of the Third Reich† The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined. Eds. Michael Berenbaum and Abraham Peck. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2002. 371–386.

Makes Me Wanna Holler essays

Makes Me Wanna Holler essays This book is about Nathan's life,and the choices he made.He basically grew up in the 60's and 70's.Where the average black male had few choices for a good future.Nathan grew up being a very angry person inside,because of the way blacks were treated by the white man.He started hanging out with friends,and they formed a gang.They started doing drugs,running trains on girls,and fighting with other gangs. Nathan however,graduated from high school,and he also graduated to armed robbery that landed him in prison.While in prison he became a muslum,and was released early on good behavior.He went to college,and eventually married because of his muslum faith.He finished college,but the marriage didn't last,and he still was re-living his past.Re-married again moved to Atlanta,and still had a lot of anger towards the white man.His wife from his second marriage took him threw a whole lot of changes,but he tried to make it work because they had two kids.Eventually he got his big break,and now he is a best selling writer,and journalist. I think this book is a good read,for anybody who wants to know how it was being black,and growing up in the 60's and 70's.The difficult chalenges,and choices that black's faced.I gave this book an 8,because I grew up in that time and I can relate to a lot of the things that he experienced. ...

Free Essays on Literature Review

Literature Review Teaching Reading: Direct Instruction vs. Whole Language Introduction Reading is fundamental to the educational growth and success of all students. Many times, the development of independent readers begin in literacy rich kindergarten through fourth grade classrooms. Early childhood teachers are challenged by reaching the needs of students who are labeled at risk. These students begin their educational experience at a disadvantage. Students may be labeled at risk or disadvantaged based on their social, educational, and economical backgrounds. Factors which could contribute to a student’s difficulty in academic achievement may include lack of exposure to print rich environments, poor nutrition and health care, low proficiency in English, learning disabilities, and poverty. I feel that these characteristics directly impact a student’s performance in the classroom and may negatively impact reading achievement. Early intervention in the primary grades is imperative to the future success of students labeled at risk. Research indicates that if children are not successful readers by the end of the third grade, it will be very difficult for them to catch up with their peers in later years (Dorn, French, & Jones, 1998). Past research has also documented the relationship between high quality classroom instruction and the success of at risk students. This then raises a number of questions. Which approaches to reading instruction are highest in quality and most effective? What components of these methods result in student success? Direct Instruction and Whole Language are two curriculum choices which are founded by different beliefs in the area of student learning. Both approaches have been used around the United States to influence the reading achievement of students label at risk. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the Direct Instruction and the Whole Language Approach to teachi... Free Essays on Literature Review Free Essays on Literature Review Literature Review Teaching Reading: Direct Instruction vs. Whole Language Introduction Reading is fundamental to the educational growth and success of all students. Many times, the development of independent readers begin in literacy rich kindergarten through fourth grade classrooms. Early childhood teachers are challenged by reaching the needs of students who are labeled at risk. These students begin their educational experience at a disadvantage. Students may be labeled at risk or disadvantaged based on their social, educational, and economical backgrounds. Factors which could contribute to a student’s difficulty in academic achievement may include lack of exposure to print rich environments, poor nutrition and health care, low proficiency in English, learning disabilities, and poverty. I feel that these characteristics directly impact a student’s performance in the classroom and may negatively impact reading achievement. Early intervention in the primary grades is imperative to the future success of students labeled at risk. Research indicates that if children are not successful readers by the end of the third grade, it will be very difficult for them to catch up with their peers in later years (Dorn, French, & Jones, 1998). Past research has also documented the relationship between high quality classroom instruction and the success of at risk students. This then raises a number of questions. Which approaches to reading instruction are highest in quality and most effective? What components of these methods result in student success? Direct Instruction and Whole Language are two curriculum choices which are founded by different beliefs in the area of student learning. Both approaches have been used around the United States to influence the reading achievement of students label at risk. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the Direct Instruction and the Whole Language Approach to teachi...

Thesis proposal about antibiotic resistance pathogens in fomities Dissertation

Thesis proposal about antibiotic resistance pathogens in fomities - Dissertation Example Few pathogens exhibit resistance to antibiotics. Genes that confer resistance to drugs can however be transferred between microorganisms (Hawkey and Jones, 7). This transfer can occur through three different ways namely; transformation, transduction or by conjugation. This transfer makes many bacteria to develop resistance. Antibiotic resistance can, therefore, occur naturally. In this natural occurrence, the causative gene becomes shared between organisms in close proximity of one another (Birgit Strommenger, 3). In such occurrence, the bacteria cannot be exposed to treatment. Exposure to antibiotics at this stage can cause evolutionary stress which leads to the development of the resistant trait. Plasmids can be defined as DNA molecules separate from the chromosomal DNA with the ability to replicate on their own (Abad and R M Pintà ³, 65). Most antibiotic resistant genes reside within these plasmids. The ability of plasmids to replicate independently makes it extremely difficult t o kill the microorganisms residing in them. Some organisms possess several resistant genes. Multidrug resistant is the formal name given to such organisms. Informally, they can be referred as superbugs. Executive summary This is a research based proposal which seeks to explore into the area of antibiotic resistance by commonly found infectious bacteria. ... The factors which aid the pathogens in the spread have also been put into consideration within this proposal. Introduction The extensive use of antibiotics in modern day medical treatments has brought about many challenges into the field of medicine. Several microorganisms when exposed to these drugs develop resistance to the drug. This in turn translates to a difficult dilemma to medical practitioners. The only way to treat these infections is through exposing them to drugs. This exposure, however, makes them develop resistance to the same drugs (Hawkey, 4). This proposal explores the various pathogens which have developed this trait. The role of these pathogens in Hospital Acquired Infection and the transmission routes for the pathogens are also evaluated. Causes of antibiotic resistance Numerous reasons have been cited for the widespread resistance to antibiotics in modern medicine. The extensive use of antibiotic in modern medicine has been one of the major contributors to this e merging trend. Overreliance on antibiotic has been a leading factor to the development of multidrug resistance among pathogens (Hawkey and Jones, 7). The multidrug resistant pathogens have also become prevalent between many bacterial species which did not previously exhibit these characteristics. This can be attributed to the ability of certain bacteria to transfer the resistant gene to others. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics by both doctors and patients alike has been quoted as the major cause of drug resistance. Other factors have been the addition of antibiotics into animal feeds, and fraudulent practices among the manufacturers within the pharmaceutical industry. There is a need for the individuals

Discuss four reasons for the increase in International Joint Venture Essay

Discuss four reasons for the increase in International Joint Venture arrangements and support your analysis with specific examples from any business sector - Essay Example ventures are often formed between two entities to achieve certain economic objective and after achievement of such objectives they are often liquidated. Joint ventures are common in different industries and are formed for different purposes as all the parties to the Joint venture contribute one way or another for the purpose of achieving the objective. Joint ventures are therefore important in the sense that their formation allows companies to utilize each other’s strengths in achieving the desired strategic objectives. There are various benefits that organizations can derive from join ventures including sharing of technology and R&D facilities, developing new markets and sharing of risks spread over different markets as well as the expansion into new markets. However, despite the fact that international joint ventures offer such benefits but their failure ratio is significantly larger because most major international joint ventures failed to perform. This paper will discuss different reasons as to why international joint ventures are formed and potential benefits they provide to respective organizations by citing example from different business sectors where International joint ventures have actually been formed. â€Å"In general, a joint venture (â€Å"JV†) is an association of two or more entities (whether corporate, government, individual or otherwise) combining property and expertise to carry out a single business enterprise and having a joint proprietary interest, a joint right to control and a sharing of profits and losses.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"(Vaughan, 2009). The above definition indicates that a joint venture can be formed between different entities regardless of their legal status by taking benefit from each other’s expertise and property to perform a single business objective. However, all the entities in the joint venture also settle for gaining joint right to control the venture as well as share profits and losses arising out of taking that business activity. It

Ethical Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Ethical Dilemma - Essay Example The Ends Based Ethics would see buying a customized essay paper as unethical. First the buyer is not learning. First it is highly unlikely that this student will pass on exams or practical tests, so they will be dismissed from college before getting a degree. If they do pass, a professor or another student will find out about the cheating. The end result will be expulsion from school. The purchase of a custom essay in this scenario does not justify the wanted or potential end to this action. The Rule Based Ethics in this dilemma are straight forward. It is against the rules to plagiarize. Passing off someone else’s work as your own is against the rules. Plagiarism is taking someone else’s work and passing it off as your own. Plagiarizing can be intentional, or unintentional. Intentional plagiarizing is buying an essay from a custom essay website, or using information and not crediting the source. Common knowledge does not count. The sun rises in the east is an example of common knowledge. An example of unintentional plagiarizing is reviewing many articles and including a fact picked up from one of the articles. This is still plagiarizing. One type of plagiarism that most people do not consider is self-plagiarism. If a paper is written by someone for one class, and then submitted for another class that is self-plagiarism. Your paper becomes a source that must be cited. Once written a paper becomes a source, whether it is from a famous physics professor or a first year student. These rules on plagiarism are well defined by the DeVry. The writer of the paper is not ethically unethical on either level. When a writer produces an essay based on guidelines given by a client, they are not doing anything ethically unethical. The writer is producing a plagiarism free paper from scratch. This plagiarism free essay is their Intellectual Property to sell. What the buyer does with the paper makes it

Photosynthesis Essay Example for Free

Photosynthesis Essay Photosynthesis is a very beneficial process. It consists of products that are an good impact on different things like its impact on species. Plants are important in regards to everything living and everything period. One way I believe photosynthesis is most beneficial in its relation to species. All living things go through a process. Plants in particular are very important in regards of being a energy source to animals and whatnot. Anything that eats plants is turned into an energy source. Plants may be the fuel to energize the animal so that another animal can eat that animal. Photosynthesis is part of the life cycle and thats pretty beneficial. Along with that benefit is the production of medication being important benefaction. Much of the herbal medication and over the counter medication has traces or even entire parts of different plants in them. Plants provide as many things including a cure. Certain plants like mint and flaxseed are used in teas and vitamins to ensure energy, nutrients and protection against viruses . Another way photosynthesis is beneficial is in regards to its use with trees producing oxygen. The entire process of photosynthesis ends up producing oxygen and sugar (glucose). In case you didnt know, any living animal or plant species on earth needs oxygen to survive . Its the most important requirement along with food and energy . There are many benefits of photosynthesis and I believe those benefits are mighty important. Photosynthesis is one of those processes that is nothing but beneficial.

Creating a Professional Development Plan for advancement in the Industry

Creating a Professional Development Plan for advancement in the Industry Without setting goals an individual will not be able to measure his or her level of success. Late last year, as I reflected on my career path I began to feel unaccomplished and unfulfilled. I have been a nurse for over eighteen years and worked in long-term care nursing homes, acute care hospitals, and home care settings. My experiences working in medical surgical, telemetry, and critical care doing bedside nursing challenged me to further my career by obtaining a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN). My decision to go back to school was carefully thought about as I took into consideration my work schedule, family commitments, and the length of time needed to complete my degree. When I decided to become a nurse, I did not fully understand the different aspects of nursing as I was only ten years old. At that age, however, I knew that nursing was about taking care of people. As a result, I developed short-term and long-term professional goals which embraced my philosophy of nursing. Philosophy of Nursing My philosophy of treating people as I would like to be treated was instilled in me from my grandmother from an early age. With this in mind, I strive to provide the best care to my patients as I seek to connect and identify with their experience. According to Watson (2008), the human-to-human connection expands our compassion and caring and keeps alive our common humanity. Patients are depending on the nurse to give them the care that will enhance and improve their health physically, emotionally, and spiritually. As nurses, we do not only care for the sick but we also reach out to the families of individuals because they play a big role in helping to maintain their dignity and integrity. Role of the Baccalaureate Nurse The baccalaureate prepared nurse will have a more advanced education in leadership and management therefore will be better able to make more independent clinical decisions (Sara Ellis). After completing my nursing degree I will have a better opportunity in moving up the clinical ladder. Although I will not get an increase in pay for obtaining my BSN it will be self fulfilling and gratifying as this has always been one of the goals in my nursing career. With a degree, I will be more marketable and flexible as I broaden my horizons. This will allow me to seek employment in many health care settings such as community health, case management, and supervisory positions (Blais, Hayes, Kozier, Erb, 2006, p. 3). With the rising challenges of the health care needs in todays society, more and more nurses are graduating with a BSN as the minimum level education. Therefore, it is important to have a higher level of education to be competitive and stay abreast with the latest technologies in nur sing. Professional Role Transition Nurses are governed by a code of ethics as set forth by the American Nurses Association (ANA), which holds nurses accountable and obligated to protect patients rights and privacy. They are morally obligated to provide quality care that will maintain the patients optimal level of functioning. Nurses play a vital role in helping patients to improve their quality of life. Each decision the nurse makes contribute to the overall welfare of the patient. Thus, it is best if the nurse view each decision as a life changing decision, no matter how small it may seem. As a nurse, I must acknowledge each of my patients as having their own cultural backgrounds, needs, values, and beliefs (American Nurses Association, 2001). Therefore, I should treat them the way I would like to be treated, with the best care and respect. My patients family is a great source of support and influence in their well-being. Therefore, it is imperative to treat the patients family with extreme respect as well. Families are important in providing valuable information that will assist the nurse in giving quality care and improve patients level of functioning (Potter Perry, 1985, p. 441). Role of the Baccalaureate Having a BSN is not only rewarding but it prepares the nurse to advance from bedside nursing and to explore new opportunities as it pertains to management positions. It also allows me to use the knowledge, capability and skills that I have acquired to help others achieve quality lifestyles, health and well-being. The feeling that comes with knowing that I am making a positive difference in someone elses life is more than money can buy. Short-term Professional Goals The twenty-first century is without a doubt, a time period in which computer literacy is vital. Once upon a time, the use of computers was not an integral part of a nurses day to day activity. However, that is not the case today. Thus my short-term goals are to increase my computer literacy and become a nurse preceptor within the next six months. Currently my level of knowledge in regards to computers is on a beginners stage. I plan to reach the intermediate stage within the next six months by attending various computer classes and constantly practicing the different techniques that I learn. Mastering the basics of computer technology will enable me to research more efficiently, whether it is to complete an assignment or keep up-to-date with the changes in the health care arena. Furthermore, developing my computer skills will assist me in being an effective nursing preceptor. The use of technology is incorporated in various aspects of a nurses duties. Therefore, adequate computer knowledge will empower me to effectively mentor new nurses. In addition, I would need to attend training classes and demonstrate that I am a good communicator to be promoted to a nursing preceptor. Not having immediate access to a computer and my family commitments are several barriers that may prevent me from reaching my short-term goals. My commitment as a wife and a mother does not provide me with the flexibility to attend all the computer classes which are available. In addition, my family commitments may also prevent me from attending the necessary training classes to become a nursing preceptor. However, having my family as one of my biggest support system will assist me in overcoming these barriers. I will implore my children to teach me as much as they can when we are home. In addition, I will purchase a laptop so I can practice and develop my computer skills at my convenience. Furthermore, I will allocate different chores to the members of my family so that I will have free time to attend the various training classes. Long-term Professional Goals My long-term professional goals are to successfully complete the BSN program in a year and a half and become a Clinical Instructor in the next five years. Having a BSN is not only rewarding but it prepares the nurse to advance from bedside nursing and to explore new opportunities as it pertains to leadership and management. After completing my BSN I plan to continue my studies and pursue a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) degree. In doing so, I will achieve my ultimate long-term goal which is to become a clinical nurse instructor. A Clinical Instructor is required to have a vast amount of knowledge of nursing skills and techniques. Thus, my present experience as a Registered nurse and my enrollment in the BSN program is the stepping stone to achieving my ultimate long-term goal of becoming a clinical instructor. Even though my role as a Clinical Instructor takes me away from personally fulfilling my philosophy of nursing, I belief it will still be just as rewarding since Im empowering others to fulfill their philosophy of nursing. As with my short-term goals, my family commitments are barriers to achieving my long-term goals. My family commitments may force me to extend the time frame in which I hope to accomplish my goals. To get over these barriers, I will have to compromise some of my family activities such as vacation time and family time. In addition, my family is my biggest support system in achieving my long-term goals; their desire to see me succeed motivates me to do my best. Also, being a role model to my children motivates me to do well. In addition, having to work while Im enrolled in the BSN program is a challenge. However, the encouragement of graduates of the BSN program is a constant reminder that I too can successfully complete the BSN program. Thus, I requested the necessary days off from my job so I can attend classes. Conclusion In conclusion, providing quality care to patients is my personal philosophy of nursing. As a result, my short-term and long-term professional goals are centered on this philosophy. Therefore, I continuously seek to obtain higher education, skills and techniques to empower me to assist my patients in possessing optimal health. This will enhance my professional development and fulfillment as a nurse.

Ancient Summerian Mythology :: essays research papers

Term Paper- Ancient Sumeria/Babylon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the many ancient civilizations that need to be clarified is ancient Sumeria. Sumer was an ancient region in southern Mesopotamia, located in the extreme southeastern part of what is now Iraq. The land of Sumer was virtually devoid of human occupants until about 5000 BC, when settlers moved into the swamps at the head of the Persian Gulf and gradually spread northward up the lower Tigris-Euphrates Valley. Although the Sumerians as people disappeared, their language and literature continued to influence the religion of their successors. Their basic economic organization and system of writing cuneiform, architectural forms, and legal practices remained in use. â€Å"Later generations elaborated upon the mathematics and astronomy that the Sumerians had originated.† (Beret 113.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Almost every culture or ancient civilization has a flood story. For example, in the Old Testament, there was a flood story that lasted forty days and forty nights. In the Sumerian civilization, there is a flood story as well. The motive for the flood story in the Old Testament is similar to the motive in the flood story in the Sumerian culture. This motive was to punish the wickedness of men. The flood happened in a city called Shurrupak. It stands on the bank of the Euphrates River. The city grew old and the gods that were in it grew old. The city was in an uproar and the god Enlil heard the clamor and he said to the god in the council, â€Å"The uproar of mankind is intolerable and sleep is no longer possible by reason of the babel.† (Bailey 59.) The gods decided to exterminate mankind. â€Å"For six days and six nights the winds blew, torrent and tempest and flood overwhelmed the world, tempest and flood raged together like warring hosts.† (Bailey 57.) Even the gods were terrified at the flood, they fled to the highest heaven, the firmament of Anu.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Babylonian civilizations, a god is responsible for reasoning and wisdom. This god of wisdom is Enki. Enki receives his power from the resources and fertility of the land. The myth of Inanna and the god of wisdom begins with Inanna delighting in her womanhood and wishing to test its powers. In this myth, Inanna goes on a journey. Inanna sets out to visit Enki, the god of Wisdom, who is also the god of Waters. In Sumerian, â€Å"Enki† means the god of the Earth.

Impact of Motivation on Job Satisfaction Essay

The term ‘motivation’ is derived from the word ‘motive’ which influences the behavior of individuals. Motives are the expression of needs of a human being. Motivation is a process of getting the needs of the people realized to induce them to work for the accomplishment of organizational objectives. Motivation is a behavioral psychological concept. It seeks to understand why people behave the way they do. The intention is to produce goal-oriented behavior. It aims at influencing good result and arises from within the individual. The inner feeling balances the perception of an individual and satisfaction of his needs that influence the direction, volume, behavior limitation and efforts of an individual. Hence motivation is an inducement of inner feeling of an individual. It cannot be forced upon from the outside. According to Steers and Porter (1991), there are two ways to view motivation. The traditional way is to define motivation as a process of directing (stimulating) people to action in order to accomplish a desired goal. Based on this definition, motivation is the function supervisors perform to get their employees to achieve goals and objectives. The second view looks at individual motivation. Such motivation represents an unsatisfied need that creates a state of tension (disequilibrium), causing the individual to move in a goal-directed pattern towards need-satisfaction and equilibrium. The goal of the behavior is to reduce tension by achieving a goal that will satisfy that need. Both approaches to the study of motivation are motivation. Harmer (2001) defines motivation as some kind of internal drive which pushes someone to do things in order to achieve something. This significantly refers to an individual’s desire and willingness to take action towards the accomplishment of a given task. Invariably, people’s behavior at work is controlled by their intrinsic motives that characterize the work as well as the working environment. The manager’s job becomes one of identifying the right chord to play to influence each group member to achieve the group goals. However, the study of motivation addresses the distinctiveness of each individual, for each individual has a number of motivators (Robert and Hunt, 1991). Armstrong(1998) considers motivation as ‘why people at work behave in the way they do in terms of their efforts and the direction they are taking and what the organization can do to encourage people to apply their efforts and abilities in ways that will further the achievement of the organization’s goals as well as satisfying their own needs. Cole (2002) relates this to human behavior and defines it as ‘a process in which people choose between alternative forms of behavior in order to achieve personal goals’. According to Spector (1997:2) job satisfaction is simply how people feel about their job. It is the extent to which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction) their jobs. As is generally assessed, is an attitudinal variable. In this context, job satisfaction can be considered as a global feeling about the job or as a related constellation of attitudes about various aspects or facets of the job. The management dilemma in many organizations in today’s fast paced technological environment is how managers can improve the motivation of employees, so that companies employ and retain a fulfilled work force that contributes optimally to organizational stakeholders. Essentially, the questions that must be answered by this study are: What makes some employees perform better than others? What makes some employees seem better satisfied in their jobs than others? In what ways can management improve the motivation of their employees? All organizations are concerned with what should be done to achieve sustained high levels of performance through people. This means that, there is the need to give close attention to how individuals can best be motivated either through such means as incentives, rewards, leadership and importantly the work they do and the organizational context within which they carry out that work. This is very important because according to Reece and Brandt (1996:234) they identified the importance of the emotional factor at work. Emotions play a critical role in the success of every organization, yet many people in key decision- making positions (leaders) with outstanding technical and financial skills fail to understand the important role emotions play in a work setting. In part, the problem can be traced to leadership training that emphasizes that doing business is a purely rational or logical process. These authors further emphasize that the cost of ignoring the emotional factor at work can be costly to companies in the form of lawsuits, resignation and death of valuable employees, etc. PROBLEM STATEMENT There are many and varied reasons why managers are continually under distress in many organizations. Resources both human and material as well as technology are but a few issues confronting managers daily. More importantly, the human aspect has questions that have perplexed and fascinated managers for a long time. These questions include: What makes some employees perform better than others? What makes some employees seem better satisfied in their jobs than others? How can we improve the motivation and overall job satisfaction of our employees? There are no easy answers to these questions, yet they plague managers in their day to day running of organizations. The reality is that the level of employee motivation affects their morale, performance and overall job satisfaction PROBLEM ANALYSIS DIAGRAM Employee Commitment Increases Profit Margins Effect of Motivation Increases Performance Job Satisfaction RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. To what extent does motivation lead to increases in job satisfaction? 2. To what extent does motivation lead to increases in performance? 3. Is there any relationship between increases in profit margins and job satisfaction? OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY GENERAL OBJECTIVES To establish the impact of motivation on job satisfaction and to propose alternative strategy or recommendation to enhance job satisfaction at the workplace. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1. To examine whether motivation leads to an increase job satisfaction. 2. To assess whether motivation leads to an increase in performance. 3. To investigate whether motivation is the factor to increases in profit margin. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The fundamental purpose of this research is to determine the main causes of satisfaction and dissatisfaction amongst a group of employees within the frame work of the Herzberg study. This research is important or beneficial because: 1. It will broaden management’s insight that motivation plays a key role in the overall job satisfaction of employees. 2. It will enable managers to understand the factors and processes that are internal and external to the individual employee in an organization that have an effect in his/her behavior and performance. 3. It will also assist managers to devise strategies that sustain a highly motivated workforce so that the end result is that all stakeholders are content with the performance of the enterprise. 4. By understanding motivational issues behind employees, managers can systematically develop strategies to deal with motivational problems. RESEARCH DESIGN As part of our data collection method, we intend using qualitative and quantitative techniques. The research design we are going to use will be based on the descriptive design. For a comprehensive insight into our methodology kindly see the third chapter. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study is divided into five chapters. The first chapter looks at the background of the study, objectives of the study, the research hypothesis and significance of the study. Chapter two reviews existing literature in the area of the study, while chapter three discusses the methodology applied in collecting and analyzing data. Methodology is followed by the processing and analysis of the data as well as the findings from the study. The final chapter covers conclusions, recommendation and references. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Understanding the theory and application of motivation is important in managing human resources for organizational success. This is more critical today due to the ever changing business environment organizations find themselves or operate. The relationship between job satisfaction, motivation, and efficiency or productivity is very important in the business industry as well as in personal life. Long term research has found that the single greatest predictor of longevity is work satisfaction. Work is one third to one half of a persons’ lifetime, and if frustrated the mental and physical effects are very costly. Job characteristics including skill variety, task identity, and task significance lead to psychological conditions in which in turn leads to increased motivation, performance and job satisfaction. It is important to investigate this area in order to determine how much of an effect does overall job satisfaction, motivation and productivity has on each other. It is also important to research the relationship between motivation and job satisfactions because it can assist businesses in designing and manufacturing an environment to maximize productivity and efficiency while keeping their employees satisfied. Finally, it is significant to study motivation and job satisfaction because it can help people better understand what job will best suit them to be motivated and satisfied while making a difference in the productivity level. As part of the research into establishing a correlation between motivation and job satisfaction, this chapter seeks to capture the relevant literature and concepts of motivation and job satisfaction. 2. 2 MOTIVATION THEORIES The fundamental approaches to motivation are underpinned by motivation theory. The most influential theories are classified as: content theories and process theories. Content theory: It focuses on the content of motivation and the nature of needs. It states that motivation is essentially about taking action to satisfy needs, and identifies the main needs that influence behavior that is those specific things that actually motivates the individual at the work place. Process theory: In process theory, the emphasis is on the psychological processes or forces that affect people’s perceptions of their working environment and the ways in which they interpret and understand it. According to Guest (1992a) in Armstrong M, process theory provides a much more relevant approach to motivation than the theories of Maslow and Hertzberg, which, he suggests, have been shown by extensive research to be wrong. Process or cognitive theory can certainly be more useful to managers than needs theory because it provides more realistic guidance on motivation techniques. MASLOW’S NEEDS THEORY The most famous need classification was formulated by Maslow (1954) in Armstrong M, a human relationist, argued that people are motivated to satisfy five need levels. Among these are: Physiological need, this talk about the basic needs of life which are need for oxygen, food, water, clothing, shelter and sex that present basic issues of survival and biological function. In organizations these needs are generally satisfied by adequate wages and work environment itself, which provides restrooms, adequate lighting, comfortable temperatures and ventilation. Safety, the need for protection against danger and the deprivation of physiological needs. Social, the need for love, affection and acceptance. A manager can help satisfy these needs by allowing social interaction and making employees feel like part of a team or work group. Esteem needs actually comprises two different sets of needs: the need for a positive self image and self respect and the need for recognition and respect from others. A manager can help address these needs by providing various extrinsic symbols of accomplishment; the manager can provide challenging job assignments and opportunities for the employees to feel a sense of accomplishment. Self-fulfillment (self- actualization), the need to develop potentialities and skills to become what one believes he is capable of becoming. The self actualization needs are perhaps the most difficult for a manager to address. In fact, it can be argued that these needs must be met entirely from within the individual. But a manager can help by promoting a culture wherein self- actualization is possible. For instance, a manager could give employees a chance to participate in decision making about their work and opportunity to learn new skills. Maslow (1954) in Armstrong M, suggests that the five needs categories constitute a hierarchy. An individual is motivated first and foremost to satisfy physiological needs. As long as they remain unsatisfied, the individual is motivated only to fulfill them. When satisfaction of physiological needs is achieved, they cease to act as primary motivational factors and the individual moves up with the hierarchy and become concerned with security needs. This process continues until the individual reaches the self actualization level. Maslow’s concept of the need hierarchy has a certain intuitive appeal and has been accepted by many managers. However, it has not been verified by empirical research and it has been criticized for its apparent rigidity. Different people may have different priorities and it is difficult to accept that people’s needs progress steadily up the hierarchy. Infact, Maslow himself expressed doubts about the validity of a strictly ordered hierarchy. Some research for example McClelland has found that, the five levels of needs are not always present and that the order of the levels is not always the same as postulated by Maslow. In addition people from different cultures are likely to have different needs categories and hierarchies. McClelland NEEDS THEORY. McClelland(1975) in Roberts,H. k. & Hunt identifies three needs that motivates managers and agrees with Maslow(1954) that needs motives are part of the personality, which he believes are triggered off by environmental factors. He further identifies these most important needs as: The need for achievement, The best known of the three, is the desire to accomplish a goal or task more effectively than in the past. People with a high need achievement have the desire to assume personal responsibility, a tendency to set moderately difficult goals, a desire for specific and immediate feedback, and pre occupation with their tasks. David McClelland, the psychologist who first identified this need, argues that only about 10 percent of the US population has a high need for achievement. The need for Affiliation Affiliation is a desire for human companionship and acceptance. People with strong need for affiliation are likely to prefer (and perform better in) a job that entails a lot of social interaction and offer opportunities to make friends. The need for power The need for power is basically a concern for influencing people- to be strong and influential. They are likely to be happy in jobs that give them control over budget, people and decision making. OTHER MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES ADERFER ERG THEORY Aderfer (1972), in John M. Ivancevich describes a three level hierarchy, compared to the five levels proposed by Maslow. These include: 1. Existence Needs- this category is grounded in the survival or continued existence, of the person. As such, it would include many of the issues covered by the physiological and safety needs identified by Maslow. . Relatedness Needs- this category is based on the need for people to live and function in a social environment. It would embrace the need to be part of a group and belong to a valued organization. It incorporates many of the issues covered by the safety, belonging and esteem described by Maslow. 3. Growth Needs- this category is grounded in the need for people to develop their poten tial. As such it would cover the self-actualization and much of the esteem needs described by Maslow. HERZBERGS TWO FACTOR MODEL The two-factor model of satisfiers and dissatisfiers was developed by Herzberg et al (1957) in Armstrong M, following an investigation into the sources of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction of accountants and engineers. It was assumed that people have the capacity to report accurately the conditions that made them satisfied and dissatisfied with their jobs. Accordingly, the subjects were asked to tell their interviewers about the times during which they felt exceptionally good and exceptionally bad about their jobs and how long their feelings persisted. It was found that the accounts of ‘good’ periods most frequently concerned the content of the job, particularly achievement, recognition, advancement, autonomy and the work itself. On the other hand, accounts of ‘bad’ periods most frequently concerned the context of the job. Company policy and administration, supervision, salary and working conditions more frequently appeared in these accounts than in those told about ‘good’ periods. These categorized into two types of motivation as Intrinsic Motivation: the self- generated factors that influence people to behave in a particular way or to move in a particular direction. These factors include responsibility (feeling that the work is important and having control over one’s own resource) autonomy (freedom to act), scope to use and develop skills and abilities. Interesting and challenging work and opportunities for advancement. Extrinsic Motivation- what is done to or for people to motivate them? This includes: rewards such as increased pay, praise or promotions, punishment such as disciplinary action, withholding pay or criticism. Frederick Herzberg theory had close links with Maslow’s and believed in a two factor theory of motivation. He stressed that, certain factors could be introduced into a business that will directly motivate an employee to work harder (Motivators) included are achievement, recognition, responsibility and advancement. However, other factors called (Hygiene factors) de-motivate an employee. The most common hygiene factors, or dissatisfies include: company policy and administration, supervision, salary, interpersonal relationship and working condition. Hygiene factors are factors which â€Å"surround the job† rather than the job itself. Importantly, Herzberg viewed pay as a hygiene factor which is in direct contrast to Taylor who viewed pay and piece-rate in particular. Herzberg believed that business should motivate employees by adopting a democratic approach to management and by improving the nature and content of the actual job through certain methods. Some of the methods managers could use to achieve this are: Job Enlargement- workers being given a greater variety of tasks to perform (not necessarily more challenging) which should make the work more interesting. Job Enrichment- the design of jobs so that they contain a greater number of motivators which involves workers being given a wider range of more complex, interesting and challenging tasks surrounding a complete unit of work. This should give a greater sense of achievement. Empowerment- means delegating more power to employees to make their own decisions over areas of their working life. For the purpose of this research, emphasis will be laid on Herzberg two-factor model. Though recognition is identified as a motivator by Herzberg, Miller (2002:15) mentions four common incentives (money, contests and competition, recognition including praise and rewards, and disciplinary action) thought to motivate others, but they discourage intrinsic motivation. She says the key to performance is to create an environment for intrinsic motivation, using four incentives (competency, empathy, autonomy and fulfillment). Green (2000:155) captures this issue well when he says employees are motivated by what they intrinsically believe is going to happen, not by what managers promise (extrinsic) will happen. Managers can motivate employees by setting in motion the conditions required for motivation namely, confidence, trust and satisfaction and creating an environment that reinforces those conditions. Pollock (2002:10) recognizes three of Hertzberg’s motivators as being crucial in motivating people. These are recognition, interesting work and responsibility. He says, over and above monetary rewards, what people crave is praise. They need assurance that their efforts are known, valued, and appreciated. Sometimes all it takes to satisfy this deep desire is a sincere well done†, preferably delivered in front of their peers. Making peoples work interesting means driving away bore doom because it’s a great de-motivator. Make their work meaningful and you will spur them to realize their own highest potential. Giving people additional responsibilities implies not only giving them extra work, but work that is important and requires a higher level of knowledge and skill. GOAL THEORY Goal theory as developed by Latham and Locke (1979), states that motivation and performance are higher when individual set specific goals, when goals are difficult but accepted and when there is feedback on performance. The implication of goal theory is that, goals set by management should be challenging enough but realistic. Participation in goal setting is important as a means of getting agreement to setting higher goals. People strive to achieve goals in order to satisfy their emotions and desires. Goals guide people’s response and actions and also direct work behavior and performance which lead to certain consequences or feedback. The feedback should be complete, accurate and timely in order to provide a means of checking progress on goal attainment 2. 3 JOB SATISFACTION THEORY VIE THEORY This theory is derived from the expectancy theory of Vroom, by Porter and Lawler (1968)in Armstrong M. In addition to three basic components of valence, instrumentality, and expectancy, this model incorporates abilities and traits, role perceptions, intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, and the perceived equity of the rewards. The model assumes that, for an effort to translate into a desired level of performance, the person must have the ability to perform well (abilities and traits), and he must understand the demands of his job (role clarity). The model acknowledges that people work for both extrinsic rewards, such as money and promotions, and intrinsic rewards, such as pride in ones work and a sense of accomplishment. The model assumes that the level of performance a person attains will affect the level of rewards he perceives to be equitable. Specifically, if a person expends a great amount of effort that culminates in high performance levels, he will perceive that he deserves a substantial reward. (Dipboye, Smith, and Howell, 1994:( 116-177). Job satisfaction is the met expectations or desires of a job. I t is a collective term of specific attitudes about work or job and it varies as a function of other non-work attitudes (age, health, etc. ). Genetic research suggests that 30% to 40% of job satisfaction is inherited. Job satisfaction and life satisfaction are interrelated and influence each other. A Gallup poll indicates that approximately 10% to 13% of workers are dissatisfied, while about 85% of workers are satisfied. Other surveys asking questions in a different manner suggests that more workers are dissatisfied. Job satisfaction varies with the type of occupation, for example, higher management means more satisfaction. Personal characteristics of workers also have an impact on job satisfaction. Job satisfaction increases age. Whites have greater job satisfaction than non-whites. The level of education is slightly negatively related to job satisfaction. If personal skills and abilities are not required by a job, job satisfaction decreases. When a person is wage may be the most important variable to job satisfaction. High job satisfaction is associated with low turnover and low absenteeism and with high commitment. Although the evidence is not conclusive, high job satisfaction is associated with high performance and prosocial behaviors. . 4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOTIVATION, JOB SATISFACTION AND MONEY The basic requirement for job satisfaction may include comparatively higher pay, an equitable payment system, real opportunities for promotion, considerate and participative management, a reasonable degree of social interaction at work, interesting and varied tasks and a high degree of autonomy: control o ver work pace and work methods. The degree of satisfaction obtained by individuals, however, depends largely upon their own needs and expectations, and the working environment. The level of job satisfaction is affected by intrinsic and extrinsic motivating factors, the quality of supervision, social relationships with the work group and the degree to which individuals succeed or fail in their work. Purcell et al(2003)in Armstrong M, believe that discretionary behavior which helps the firm to be successful is most likely to happen when employees are well motivated and feel committed to the organization and when the job gives them high levels of satisfaction. Their research found that the key factors affecting job satisfaction were opportunities, job influence, teamwork and job challenge. 2. BENEFITS OF EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION. * Increases Productivity Skilled and motivated people work harder and better in improving productivity. Incentive programs promote productivity in a number of ways . Employees are often motivated for reaching targets or for good work done in general. These motivations vary but the main aim is to encourage employees to work towards company goals. With the promise of motivation and clearly defined targets, employees are more productive and motivated. * Reduce Absenteeism The bottom line with motivation programs comes down to the very simple fact that people like been rewarded for hard work and a job well done. The rewards are only part of the equation. Motivation schemes show employees the company cares and appreciates the work they are doing. If an employee feels appreciated and has clear targets that result in rewards then they are more likely to want to come to work. * Increased Company Morale Rewards, incentives and recognition make for a happy, harmonious working environment. Goal setting and targeting objectives helps with focus and purpose . Employee motivation programs offer all of these things and are highly conducive to company morale. Increases in company morale helps reduce absenteeism and overall company cost. Public Recognition. Investor in people status brings public recognition for real achievements measured against a rigorous national standard. Investing in people helps to attract the best job applicant. It may also provide a reason for customers to choose specific goods and services. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter explains how data was c ollected for the study. It also deals with the research tools used to gather the data, the method used or adopted in analyzing the data and the problems encountered during the process of data collection. The chapter distinctively discusses the following: * Sources of data * Research design * Population of the study * Sampling * Sampling procedures * Data collection techniques * Data analysis * Constraints The proposed methods adopted were structured towards the collection of data from primary and secondary sources. On the basis of the literature review, the existing acqiutance of the theme under discussion— definition, motivation, job satisfaction, motivation theories, job satisfaction theories thus its impact on employee job satisfaction fell under the following broad headings: * Definitions of motivation Job satisfaction * Motivation theories * Job satisfaction theory 3. 2 Data Sources The researchers used secondary and primary data to facilitate the data build up for the research. This was done through the use of questionnaires. The secondary sources of data collection included: * Textbooks of relevant importance to the research topic. * Published articles in Psychology and motivation journals 3. 3 Research Design The model used for this study was the descriptive research design. This design was chosen because it is on one of the best research designs which are deemed appropriate when a researcher attempts to describe some aspects of a population by selecting an unbiased sample of individuals who are asked to complete questionnaire. 3. 4 Population of the study The population of the study comprised of 50 employees of SSNIT. This population provided the researchers with all inclusive views from diverse perspectives on the effect of motivation on employee job satisfaction. 3. 5 Sample Size The sample size for the study was thirty (30) employees of the Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT). Due to responses of constraints the sample size was reduced to 20. 3. 6 Sampling procedure Because the researchers wanted to select their sample from a population which is diverse based on management hierarchy, we used stratified sampling to group our sample population into a strata based on management hierarchy at SSNIT. The population was grouped according to low level management, middle level management and top level management. After stratified sampling, we then use simple random sampling to select our target group of thirty(30) from the sample population of fifty(50). The reason was to give everybody an equal opportunity of being chosen or captured. 3. 7 Method of data collection A combination of primary and secondary data was used to acquire information. The secondary data was collected by going directly to some of the data sources. The primary data on the other hand was collected by the use of questionnaires. All the questionnaires were designed with both open ended and closed ended questions. 3. 8 Data collection All data was collected concurrently, that is both secondary and primary data were collected simultaneously. 3. 9 Data Analysis Various respondents provided series of data for the making of the research report, all data collected was coded and edited to eliminate all errors and information that did not fall within the objectives. The researchers then used the information provided by respondents and analyzed the information by the use of report, using tables, charts and so on. 3. 10 Constraints In carrying out the research, the researchers encountered some problems. Thus, the refusal of the organization to release certain important data needed for the project, especially, the historical data pertaining to human resource. The researchers could not get these data as they were deemed too confidential because of fear of competitors getting hold of them. This therefore imposed a limitation on the study. Another problem was time constraint and also inabilities to respond to the questionaires. Only twenty were responded to. Financial constraint was also a factor. CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 4. 1 Introduction This chapter describes the responses to a series of questions designed to examine the impact of motivation on job satisfaction. The chapter begins with the findings about motivation and its impact on job satisfaction on SSNIT. The questionnaires administered were 50 employees through stratified sampling out of which 30 was picked based on simple random sampling. 4. 2 1. LENGTH OF SERVICE AT SSNIT TABLE 1. OPINIONS| NO. OF RESPONSE| PERCENTAGE (%)| 0-1 years| 4| 20| 2-4 years| 8| 40| 5-10 years| 5| 25| Above 10 years| 3| 15| Total| 20| 100| SOURCE OF DATA (FIELD DATA) DECEMBER 2010 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TABLE 1 The respondents length of service at SSNIT were sought to determine how long they have been working there. According to the table above, 40 % of respondents constituted those who fall within (2-4 years). That is, they have been employees for two to four years. Those who have been employees for five to ten years made up 25% which was the next highest (5-10 years). Also, 20% represented those who fell between (0-1) years. They have only served a year at the time the questionnaires were administered. Lastly, 15% of respondents were within the above ten years group. From the above, it can be observed that the organization (SSNIT) has a young and fresh workforce which constitutes the bulk or majority of their employees. . Think of a time at work when you felt especially bad about your job, an incident or incidents which had a long lasting effect on you, and which led to bad feelings. Describe the circumstances, and how your work was influenced by it or them. TABLE TWO. INCIDENTS THAT CAUSED DISSATISFACTION OPINIONS| NO. OF RESPONSE| PERCENTAGE (%)| COMPANY POLICY| 8| 40| OTHERS| 6| 30| WORK IT SELF| 3| 15| INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS| 3| 15| TOTAL| 20| 100| SOURCE OF DATA (FIELD DATA) DECEMBER 2010 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TABLE 2. INCIDENTS THAT CAUSED DISSATISFACTION COMPANY POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION (40%) The majority of cases (40%) in the sample mentioned this factor as a major cause of unhappiness at SSNIT. OTHERS (30%) This was mentioned as the second strongest factor that contributes to job dissatisfaction and was experienced by people who did not choose any of the stated factors. They responded to none of them. WORK ITSELF (15%) This contributed to job dissatisfaction in 15% of the cases and related to the content of the job. INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS (15%) This also contributed to job dissatisfaction in 15% of the cases related alongside work itself. 4. 4 4. Which of the following gives you Job Satisfaction? TABLE THREE: CAUSES OF SATISFACTION OPINIONS| NO. OF RESPONSE| PERCENTAGE (%)| Work Achievement| 6| 30| Recognition| 4| 20| Work Itself| 2| 10| Promotion/Advancement| 3| 15| Salary| 3| 15| Others(please specify)| 2| 10| Total| 20| 100| SOURCE OF DATA (FIELD DATA) DECEMBER 2010 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TABLE 3. Regarding the issue of which motivating factor gave them job satisfaction, 30% of respondents felt work achievement gave them satisfaction according to the table. This means they value a sense of achievement for the accomplishment of some milestone set by the individual himself or supervisor. Also, 20% of respondents felt recognition was what gave them satisfaction. They felt issues like recognition for job well done, good idea, appreciation, positive feedback and simply a tap on the back to acknowledge them was most important to them. Those who chose the work itself constituted 10% as can be seen from the table above. The design of the work and the demands is enough to keep them satisfied. Advancement and salary equally had 15%. Some based their satisfaction on increments in salaries whiles others taught promotion or advancement was their main satisfiers. They all recorded 15% each as can be seen from the table. Lastly, others represented 10% and they simply did not agree with the above motivation factors or had a different set of opinion. Bateman (2004) views motivation as forces that energize, direct and sustain a person’s effort. He says that all behaviors except involuntary reflexes like eye blinks (which usually have little to do with management) are motivated. A highly motivated employee will work hard towards achieving performance goals. With adequate ability and understanding of the job, such an employee will be highly productive. An aspect of the definition implies that people have certain beliefs about which behaviors or actions will help them satisfy their needs. This belief may or may not be accurate but they help guide behavior. From the table above, you find out that if the organization (SSNIT) wants to know whether their employees are satisfied or not then they must pursue the motivating factor of work itself. That is they have to continually design the work and its demand to suit employees. 5. which of the following gives you job dissatisfaction TABLE FOUR: CAUSES OF JOB DISSATISFACTION OPINIONS| NO. OF RESPONSE| PERCENTAGE | Lack of Recognition| 9| 45| Company Policy| 3| 15| Low Salary| 5| 25| Technical Supervision| -| -| Work Itself| 3| 15| Others(please specify if any)| -| -| Total| 20| 100| SOURCE OF DATA (FIELD DATA) DECEMBER 2010 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TABLE 4 Respondents were also asked which of the above in table five gave them job dissatisfaction. In other words which of the above make them not fell satisfied about their work. Lack of recognition was the most important demotivator that caused dissatisfaction constituting 45% of respondents. They feel the contributions they make towards organizational accomplishment is not appreciated. They are not congratulated for good work done in the midst of their colleagues or their ideas accepted and appreciated. This was followed by 25% of respondents who felt low salary was a dissatisfier. Company policy and work itself represented 15% equally. The views were taken from a total of 20 respondents. From the above, it can be clearly seen that lack of recognition was the strongest dissatisfier. According to Herzberg (1959) this falls under extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation is what is done to or for people to motivate them. This includes rewards, punishment and recognition or praise. In this case the failure of management of SSNIT to recognize their contribution is a dissatisfier. CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 5. 0 Introduction Motivation is a major issue in every organization. Any organization that fails to motivate its employees usually faces the severe consequence of low morale. Motivation plays a significant role in the attainment of competitive advantage and job satisfaction in every organization. Findings from the analyzed data were related to the objectives of the research in this chapter. It concluded with a general summary, findings, summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation providing suggestions on how motivation is a tool to achieve job satisfaction in SSNIT. 5. 1 SUMMARY The findings from the empirical research have indicated that 30% of the respondents ranked work achievement as number one motivator for job satisfaction from a list of five factors. This contrasts with what earlier researchers adduced that total compensation and emotions were the real motivators. The reason for this could be mainly due to the fact that workers have a desire to accomplish a goal or task. People with a high need achievement have desire to assume personal responsibility, a tendency to set moderately difficult goals, a desire for specific and immediate feedback, and pre occupation with their tasks. There is the need for a motivation model that considers work achievement as a motivator to achieve job satisfaction. On the other hand, 45% of the respondents ranked lack of recognition as number one de-motivator for job dissatisfaction from a list of five. Workers want to be recognized and their contribution and ideas appreciated and also praised for a job well done. If this is absent, then it could pose significant consequences to job satisfaction. Management should ensure that workers contributions are recognized and appreciated so that they do not feel disheartened. 5. 2 CONCLUSION The conclusions are based on the gaps in the motivation theory, the assumptions on motivation and the motivation framework. The theories reviewed in this study have not eluded criticism. Indeed none of the theories were developed in Africa. Before they are acted upon therefore their relevance should be evaluated and integrated into the local organizational circumstances. Managers (supervisors) often assume that it is difficult to motivate people and that motivated workers perform better contributing to achieve organizational goals. This study has indicated that (work achievement) is a fundamental ingredient in the motivation recipe. The question of whether work achievement should be number one motivator to achieve job satisfaction has remained complex. Jobs that provide a sense of achievement and recognition may be satisfying to some individuals, as the survey results have indicated, because there is a sense of achievement when they accomplish goals set by themselves or management. However others may ot find it satisfying as compared to salary or company policy. Motivating workers is critical to the organizations success but it is an enigmatic concept. This study has not provided specific answers given the complexity and the multi-facetted nature of motivation. Instead job satisfaction guidelines have been developed and murky areas highlighted to tri gger an innovative approach towards managing job satisfaction and motivation issues. 5. 3 RECOMMENDATIONS The points discussed indicates that debates on whether or not work achievement is a motivator are not yet resolved. Infact this study will instead set the debate in motion. In the discussion work achievement was the number one satisfier contributing 30%. For work achievement to ensure job satisfaction, certain conditions must be met: According to Frederick Hertzberg, business should motivate employees by adopting a democratic approach to management and by improving the nature and content of the actual job through certain methods. Some of the methods managers could use to achieve this are: Job Enrichment-the design of jobs so that they contain a greater number of motivators which involves workers being given a wider range of more complex, interesting and challenging tasks surrounding a complete unit of work. This should give a greater sense of work achievement. The statistics of the responses given by the employees makes it significantly clear that motivation goes beyond work achievement to achieve job satisfaction. Many put significant premium on the work itself, recognition, advancement, salary, company policy among other needs. Managers must therefore make conscious efforts to understand the needs of employees at any point in time and meet them appropriately and not only rely on work achievement as the sole tool for job satisfaction. If the above conditions are fulfilled, then, work achievement can be used as a motivational tool for achieving job satisfaction and even competitive advantage. However, as already noted above some conditions are difficult to fulfill. On the otherhand,45% of respondents chose lack of recognition as the factor that gave them job dissatisfaction or dissatisfier. Dissatisfiers essentially describe the environment and serve primarily to prevent job dissatisfaction. This means that the workers at SSNIT feel their work is not appreciated or recognized. Workers want to be recognized whether a note or praise, for example a manager saying ‘good idea’, well done and was in the form of appreciation, positive feedback, positive compliments and admiration. The management of SSNIT should ensure that the contributions made by employees is recognized and appreciated and it will go a long way to achieve job satisfaction and competitive advantage. Skilled and motivated workforce can be a source of competitive advantage in today’s ever dynamic and turbulent business environment. 5. 4 TO FUTURE RESEARCHERS The findings in this research revealed a significant tradeoff between work achievement and other factors regarding those factors that gave them satisfaction. We recommend that subsequent research on this topic critically examines the rate of this tradeoff between work achievement and the other factors. And perhaps researchers may dare to exclude work achievement from the factors in subsequent studies in order to fairly examine the strengths of other factors against each other to achieve job satisfaction among employees.